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FDC - Floppy Disk ControllerGeneral descriptionThe FD179X (X=1,2,3,4,5,7) can be
considered the end result of both the FD177X and 178X designs. In order
to maintain compatibility, the FD177X, FD178X and FD179X were made as
close as possible with the instruction set and I/O registers being
identical. The 1793 is identical to the 1791 except the Data Access
Lines are TRUE (for systems that utilize true data buses). The 1792 and
1794 are "single density only" versions of the 1791 and 1793
respectively. The 1795/7 has a side select output for controlling double
sided drives.
The registersData Shift RegisterThis 8-bit register assembles serial data
from the Read Data input (/RAW READ) during Read operations and
transfers serial data to the Write Data output during Write operations. Data RegisterThis 8-bit register is used as a holding
register during Disk Read and Write operations. In Disk Read operations
the assembled data byte is transferred in parallel to the Data Register
from the Data Shift Register. In Disk Write operations information is
transferred in parallel from the Data Register to the Data Shift
Register. Track RegisterThis 8-bit register holds the track number
of the current Read/Write head position. It is incremented by one every
time the head is stepped in (towards track 76) and decremeted by one
when the head is stepped out (towards track 00). The contents of the
register are compared with the recorded track number in the ID field
during disk Read, Write and Verify operations. The Track Register can be
loaded from or transferred to the DAL. This Register should not be
loaded when the device is busy. Sector Register (SR)This 8-bit register holds the address of
the desired sector position. The contents of the register are compared
with the recorded sector number in the ID field during disk Read or
Write operations. The Sector Register contents can be loaded from or
transferred to the DAL. This register should not be loaded when the
device is busy. Command Register (CR)This 8-bit register holds the command
presently being executed. This register should not be loaded when the
device is busy unless the new command is a force interrupt. The command
register can be loaded from the DAL, but not read onto the DAL. Status Register (STR)This 8-bit register holds device Status
information. The meaning of the Status bits is a function of the type of
command previously executed. This register can be read onto the DAL, but
not loaded from the DAL. Processor interfaceThe address bits A1 and A0, combined with the signals R/W, are interpreted as selecting the following registers: A1 A0 Read Write
0 0 Status Register Command Register
0 1 Track Register Track Register
1 0 Sector Register Sector Register
1 1 Data Register Data Register
On Disk Read operations, the Data Request
is activated when an assembled serial input byte is transferred in
paralled to the Data Register. This bit is cleared when the Data
Register is read by the processor. If the Data Register is read after
one or more character are lost, by having not transferred into the
register prior to processor readout, the Lost Data bit is set in the
Status Register. The Read operation continues until the end of sector is
reached. Command descriptionCommand words should only be loaded in the
Command Register when the Busy status bit is off (Status bit 0). The one
exception is the Force Interrupt command. Whenever a command is being
executed, the Busy status bit is set. When a command is completed, an
interrupt is generated and the busy status bit is reset. The Status
Register indicates whethter the completed command encountered an error
or was fault free. For ease of discussion, commands are divided into
four types (I, II, III, IV). Command Summary (models 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794) Type Command b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
I Restore 0 0 0 0 h V r1 r0
I Seek 0 0 0 1 h V r1 r0
I Step 0 0 1 T h V r1 r0
I Step-In 0 1 0 T h V r1 r0
I Step-Out 0 1 1 T h V r1 r0
II Read Sector 1 0 0 m S E C 0
II Write Sector 1 0 1 m S E C a0
III Read Address 1 1 0 0 0 E 0 0
III Read Track 1 1 1 0 0 E 0 0
III Write Track 1 1 1 1 0 E 0 0
IV Force Interrupt 1 1 0 1 i3 i2 i1 i0
Flag Summary r1 r0 Stepping Motor Rate
V Track Number Verify Flag (0: no verify, 1: verify on dest track)
h Head Load Flag (1: load head at beginning, 0: unload head)
T Track Update Flag (0: no update, 1: update Track Register)
a0 Data Address Mark (0: FB, 1: F8 (deleted DAM))
C Side Compare Flag (0: disable side compare, 1: enable side comp)
E 15 ms delay (0: no 15ms delay, 1: 15 ms delay)
S Side Compare Flag (0: compare for side 0, 1: compare for side 1)
m Multiple Record Flag (0: single record, 1: multiple records)
i3 i2 i1 i0 Interrupt Condition Flags
i3-i0 = 0 Terminate with no interrupt (INTRQ)
i3 = 1 Immediate interrupt, requires a reset
i2 = 1 Index pulse
i1 = 1 Ready to not ready transition
i0 = 1 Not ready to ready transition
Type I commandsThe type I commands include the Restore, Seek, Step, Step-In and Step-Out commands. Each of the Type I commands contains a rate field r1 r0 which determines the stepping motor rate. r1 r0 Stepping rate 0 0 6 ms 0 1 12 ms 1 0 20 ms 1 1 30 ms An optional verification of head position can be performed by settling bit 2 (V=1) in the command word. The track number from the first encountered ID Field is compared against the contents of the Track Register. If the track numbers compare (and the ID Field CRC is correct) the verify operation is complete and an INTRQ is generated with no errors. Restore (Seek Track 0)Upon receipt of this command, the TR00 input is sampled. If TR00 is active (low) indicating the head is positioned over track 0, the Track Register is loaded with zeroes and an interrupt is generated. If TR00 is not active, stepping pulses at a rate specified by the r1 r0 field are issued until the TR00 input is activated. At this time, the Track Register is loaded with zeroes and an interrupt is generated. SeekThis command assumes that the Track Register contains the track number of the current position of the head and the Data Register contains the desired track number. The FD179X will update the Track Register and issue stepping pulses in the appropriate direction until the contents of the Track Register are equal to the contents of the Data Register. An interrupt is generated at the completion of the command. Note: when using multiple drives, the track register must be updated for the drive selected before seeks are issued. StepUpon receipt of this command, the FD179X
issues one stepping pulse to the disk drive. The stepping direction
motor direction is the same as in the previous step command. An
interrupt is generated at the end of the command. Step-InUpon receipt of this command, the FD179X issues one stepping pulse in the direction towards track 76. An interrupt is generated at the end of the command. Step-OutUpon receipt of this command, the FD179X
issues one stepping pulse in the direction towards track 0. An interrupt
is generated at the end of the command. Type II commandsType II commands are the Read Sector and Write Sector commands. Prior to loading the Type II command into the Command Register, the computer must load the Sector Register with the desired sector number. Upon receipt of the Type II command, the busy status bit is set. The FD179X must find an ID field with a matching Track number and Sector number, otherwise the Record not found status bit is set and the command is terminated with an interrupt. Each of the Type II commands contains an m flag which determines if multiple records (sectors) are to be read or written. If m=0, a single sector is read or written and an interrupt is generated at the completion of the command. If m=1, multiple records are read or written with the sector register internally updated so that an address verification can occur on the next record. The FD179X will continue to read or write multiple records and update the sector register in numerical ascending sequence until the sector register exceeds the number of sectors on the track or until the Force Interrupt command is loaded into the Command Register. The Type II commands for 1791-94 also contain side select compare flags. When C=0 (bit 1), no comparison is made. When C=1, the LSB of the side number is read off the ID Field of the disk and compared with the contents of the S flag. Read SectorUpon receipt of the command, the head is loaded, the busy status bit set and when an ID field is encountered that has the correct track number, correct sector number, correct side number, and correct CRC, the data field is presented to the computer. An DRQ is generated each time a byte is transferred to the DR. At the end of the Read operation, the type of Data Address Mark encountered in the data field is recorded in the Status Register (bit 5). Write SectorUpon receipt of the command, the head is
loaded, the busy status bit set and when an ID field is encountered that
has the correct track number, correct sector number, correct side
number, and correct CRC, a DRQ is generated. The FD179X counts off 22
bytes (in double density) from the CRC field and the Write Gate output
is made active if the DRQ is serviced (ie. the DR has been loaded by the
computer). If DRQ has not been serviced, the command is terminated and
the Lost Data status bit is set. If the DRQ has been serviced, 12 bytes
of zeroes (in double density) are written to the disk, then the Data
Address Mark as determined by the a0 field of the command. The FD179X
then writes the data field and generates DRQ's to the computer. If the
DRQ is not serviced in time for continuous writing the Lost Data Status
bit is set and a byte of zeroes is written on the disk (the command is
not terminated). After the last data byte has been written on the disk,
the two-byte CRC is computed internally and written on the disk followed
by one byte of logic ones. Type III commands:Read AddressUpon receipt of the Read Address command, the head is loaded and the Busy Status bit is set. The next encountered ID field is then read in from the disk, and the six data bytes of the ID field are assembled and transferred to the DR, and a DRQ is generated for each byte. The six bytes of the ID field are : Track address, Side number, Sector address, Sector Length, CRC1, CRC2. Although the CRC bytes are transferred to the computer, the FD179X checks for validity and the CRC error status bit is set if there is a CRC error. The track address of the ID field is written into the sector register so that a comparison can be made by the user. At the end of the operation, an interrupt is generated and the Busy status bit is reset. Read TrackUpon receipt of the Read Track command, the head is loaded, and the busy status bit is set. Reading starts with the leading edge of the first encountered index pulse and continues until the next index pulse. All gap, header, and data bytes are assembled and transferred to the data register and DRQ's are generated for each byte. The accumulation of bytes is synchronized to each address mark encountered. An interrupt is generated at the completion of the command. The ID Address Mark, ID field, ID CRC bytes, DAM, Data and Data CRC bytes for each sector will be correct. The gap bytes may be read incorrectly during write-splice time because of synchronization. Write Track (formatting a track)Upon receipt of the Write Track command, the head is loaded and the Busy Status bit is set. Writing starts with the leading edge of the first encountered index pulse and continues until the next index pulse, at which time the interrupt is activated. The Data Request is activated immediately upon receiving the command, but writing will not start until after the first byte has been loaded into the DR. If the DR has not been loaded by the time the index pulse is encountered, the operation is terminated making the device Not Busy, the Lost Data status bit is set, and the interrupt is activated. If a byte is not present in the DR when needed, a byte of zeroes is substituted. This sequence continues from one index mark to the next index mark. Normally, whatever data pattern appears in the data register is written on the disk with a normal clock pattern. However, if the FD179X detects a data pattern of F5 thru FE in the data register, this is interpreted as data address marks with missing clocks or CRC generation. The CRC generator is initialized when an F5 data byte is about to be transferred (in MFM). An F7 pattern will generate two CRC bytes. As a consequence, the patterns F5 thru FE must not appear in the gaps, data fiels, or ID fiels. Tracks may be formatted with sector lengths of 128, 256, 512 or 1024 bytes. DATA PATTERN FD179X interpretation in MFM 00 thru F4 Write 00 thru F4
F5 Write A1, preset CRC
F6 Write C2
F7 Generate 2 CRC bytes
F8 thru FF Write F8 thru FF
IBM system 34 format - 256 bytes/sectorNumber of Bytes (decimal) Value of byte written
80 4E
12 00
3 F6 (writes C2)
1 FC (index mark)
50 4E
+-----------
| 12 00
| 3 F5 (writes A1)
| 1 FE (ID address mark)
| 1 Track number
| 1 Side number
| 1 Sector Number
| 1 01 (sector length)
| 1 F7 (2 CRCs written)
| 22 4E
| 12 00
| 3 F5 (writes A1)
| 1 FB (data address mark)
| 256 DATA
| 1 F7 (2 CRCs written)
| 54 4E
+-----------
to the end 4E
Type IV commandThe Forced Interrupt command is generally
used to terminate a multiple sector read or write command or insure Type
I status register. This command can be loaded into the command register
at any time. If there is a current command under execution (busy status
bit set), the command will be terminated and the busy status bit reset. Status RegisterUpon receipt of any command, except the Force Interrupt command, the Busy Status bit is set and the rest of the status bits are updated or cleared for the new command. If the Force Interrupt command is received when there is a current command under execution, the Busy status bit is reset and the rest of the status bits are unchanged. If the ForceInterrupt command is received when there is not a current command under execution, the Busy Status bit is reset and the rest of the status bits are updated or cleared. In this case, Status reflects the Type I commands. The user has the option of reading the status register through program control or using the DRQ line with DMA or interrupt methods. When the DR is read the DRQ bit in the Status register and the DRQ line are automatically reset. A write to the DR also causes both DRQ's to reset. The busy bit in the status may be monitored with a user program to determine when a command is complete, in lieu of using the INTRQ line. When using the INTRQ, a busy status check is not recommended because a read of the status register to determine the condition of busy will reset the INTRQ line.
Status Register SummaryThis table is a summary of the Status Register usage with different commands:
Status for type I commands
Status for type II & III commands
Command SummarySince the floppy disk controller can not set the drive number or density, this must be done by an external circuit. This is an example of how its done on a SVI-3x8 system: ; Sample - Disk and Density select equates DSKSEL EQU 34H ;Addr of disk select & motor control SD0 EQU 00000001B ;Select disk 0 bit SD1 EQU 00000010B ;Select disk 1 bit MOTOR0 EQU 00000100B ;Disk 0 motor on bit MOTOR1 EQU 00001000B ;Disk 1 motor on bit DENSEL EQU 38H ;Addr of density select flag DESMFM EQU 00000000B ;Density MFM bit DESFM EQU 00000001B ;Density FM bit SIDE2 EQU 00000010B ;Side 2 of MFM bit (double & 2) Flag settings are: The step motor rate (r1, r2) is 6 ms for a
3.5-inch floppy disk drive. |
